The Islamic Empire blossomed in the 7th century, united by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and fueled by rapid conquest.
From Arabia, Muslim armies stretched across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe.
This vast territory fostered a vibrant Islamic Golden Age known for scientific and cultural achievements.
However, internal struggles and external pressures, like the Mongol invasions and Christian Crusaders gradually chipped away at the empire's unity.
By the 13th century, the centralized caliphate had fractured into regional powers, marking the end of a single Islamic empire.
Then Muslim Ottomans took over and managed to keep the empire intact but it gradually demised and the Khalifa was annulled in 1924.